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Cheating at the Paralympic Games has caused scandals that have significantly changed the way in which the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) manages the events. Testing for performance-enhancing drugs has become increasingly strict and more widespread throughout the Games, with powerlifting seeing the most positive results. Competitors without disabilities have also competed in some Paralympic Games, with the Spanish entry in the intellectually disabled basketball tournament at the 2000 Summer Paralympics being the most controversial. ==Doping== Some professional and amateur sporting competitions randomly sample athletes to eliminate the use of performance-enhancing drugs, and the Paralympic Games are no different. The first positive results came in the 1992 Barcelona Games with five athletes found to have used banned substances.〔Korte, Tim. 7 March 2002. "(Cheating Plagues Paralympic Athletes )". Accessed 15 August 2007.〕 The 2000 Sydney Games saw fourteen athletes return a positive test, ten of which were in the powerlifting competition.〔Vance, Nicki. European Paralympic Committee. "(Doping control at the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games ). Accessed 15 August 2007.〕 The Sydney 2000 Doping Control Program had the responsibility of ensuring that the games met the International Paralympic Medical and Anti-Doping Code and, for the first time in the sport, out-of-competition (OOC) testing was introduced. This meant that the testing window was much wider, with any competitor being called for a test at any point throughout the Games. Nine powerlifters returned positive results before the competition and were promptly ejected. One further powerlifter and an athlete gave positive results after winning medals.〔 In the Salt Lake City Winter Paralympics in 2002 German cross country skier Thomas Oelsner gave a positive result after winning two gold medals. He was suspended for two years from all IPC events.〔Maffly, Bryan. ''The Salt Lake Tribune''. 13 March 2002. "(Skier Fails Drug Test )". Accessed 15 August 2007.〕 Another form of doping is "boosting", used by athletes with a spinal cord injury to induce autonomic dysreflexia and increase blood pressure. This was banned by the IPC in 1994 but is still an ongoing problem in the sport. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cheating at the Paralympic Games」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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